Название: Optical and Electrical Properties of Nanoscale Materials
Автор: Alain Diebold, Tino Hofmann
Издательство: Springer
Год: 2022
Страниц: 495
Язык: английский
Формат: pdf (true)
Размер: 15.4 MB

This book covers the optical and electrical properties of nanoscale materials with an emphasis on how new and unique material properties result from the special nature of their electronic band structure. Beginning with a review of the optical and solid state physics needed for understanding optical and electrical properties, the book then introduces the electronic band structure of solids and discusses the effect of spin orbit coupling on the valence band, which is critical for understanding the optical properties of most nanoscale materials. Excitonic effects and excitons are also presented along with their effect on optical absorption.

2D materials, such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides, are host to unique electrical properties resulting from the electronic band structure. This book devotes significant attention to the optical and electrical properties of 2D and topological materials with an emphasis on optical measurements, electrical characterization of carrier transport, and a discussion of the electronic band structures using a tight binding approach. This book succinctly compiles useful fundamental and practical information from one of the fastest growing research topics in materials science and is thus an essential compendium for both students and researchers in this rapidly moving field.

In the Chapter 1, we cover the basic principles involved in the interaction of light with crystals, thin films, and nanoscale materials necessary for discussing optical characterization. We discuss Fresnel’s equations for bulk materials and thin films on substrates. The Fresnel equations for isotropic, uniaxial, and biaxial materials are all presented in terms of the complex refractive index. This chapter introduces ellipsometric characterization of the dielectric function of nanoscale materials, and it also discusses Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence of 2D materials.

Light provides one of the most interesting means of characterizing new materials. As we know from observation of the world around us, materials are transparent, translucent, or opaque. We also know that these characteristics depend on the wavelength of the light. We can also observe that transparency can depend on thickness of some thin films present on a substrate. We can see that the thickness of some transparent films on an opaque substrate determines the perceived color of the film. One example of this is the thickness of silicon dioxide or silicon nitride on silicon. Even materials that we know are opaque for thick layers or bulk samples such as metal films can be transparent when they are thin enough. Here, we explore the application of these properties to the characterization of nanoscale materials.

The flow of the Chapter 1 is as follows: First the electromagnetic wave nature of light and is presented. Next, the fundamental concept of how light interacts with a solid, the dielectric function and the relationship between the complex refractive index, the absorption coefficient, and optical conductivity are introduced. Since the dielectric function is more completely described as a tensor, the tensor nature of optically uniaxial and biaxial crystals and films is discussed. The Fresnel equations that describe the reflection of the two polarization states of light are then presented. Following the discussion about the Fresnel equations, the particle picture of light is introduced. At the end of the chapter, Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence are described.

Contents:
1. The Interaction of Light with Solids: An Overview of Optical Characterization
2. Introduction to the Band Structure of Solids
3. Instrumentation
4. Microscopic Theory of the Dielectric Function
5. Excitons and Excitonic Effects During Optical Transitions
6. Hall Effect Characterization of the Electrical Properties of 2D and Topologically Protected Materials
7. Optical and Electrical Properties of Graphene, Few Layer Graphene, and Boron Nitride
8. Optical and Electrical Properties of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (Monolayer and Bulk)
9. Optical and Electrical Properties Topological Materials