Название: Smart Trajectories: Metamodeling, Reactive Architecture for Analytics, and Smart Applications
Автор: Azedine Boulmakoul, Lamia Karim, Bharat Bhushan
Издательство: CRC Press
Год: 2023
Страниц: 352
Язык: английский
Формат: pdf (true)
Размер: 17.9 MB

Classical trajectory modeling provided in the literature captures the movement of an object in space-time over a given period. Currently, the movement of people and goods in a given geographic area can be observed from digital traces deposited by personal or vehicular mobile devices and collected by wireless network infrastructures. For example, mobile phones leave positioning logs, which specify their location, and at all times they are connected to the mobile network; similarly, equipped with global positioning system (GPS)–type geolocation equipment, portable devices can record their latitude-longitude geolocation at each instant when they are exposed to a location device and can transmit their trajectories to a collection server. Automatic teller machines (ATMs), electronic payment services online or in the field, speed cameras, etc., keep track of the spatiotemporal geolocation of events.

The central issue dealt with in this book concerns the representation and manipulation of smart trajectories in various fields. Metamodeling, distributed architectures, reactive programming, Big Data analytics, NoSQL databases, connected objects, and edge-fog-cloud computing form the basis of the axes developed in this book. The omnipresence of pervasive technologies guarantees an increasing availability of large volumes of spatiotemporal data. Therefore, there is an opportunity to discover online, from these trajectories, spatiotemporal patterns that convey useful knowledge. For example, consider the traffic control system in an urban network. The sensors report congestion events on a continuous time basis. With such data, it is possible to support city traffic control decisions in real time. Such a discovery can help in the search for an efficient reengineering of traffic and develop innovative solutions in terms of informatics of urban systems: urban computing in the context of smart cities. The main benefit of this book is to have a consistent set of trajectory modeling patterns and advanced reactive manifesto–based software practices with real-world applications. This book is an essential concept and an engineering guide for the analysis of trajectories of complex systems.

In recent years, micro-service architectures have reached a high level of maturity due to the development of containerization solutions such as Docker, container orchestration solutions such Kubernetes, cloud computing such as Amazon Web Services (AWS), security standards such Oauth2 and Open Id Connect protocols, the Big Data tools ecosystem, and the DevOps tools ecosystem. The challenges of micro-services architectures have been accompanied by the search for suitable patterns and the development of a framework to find the simplest and the best way to implement and orchestrate such architectures. The Command Request Responsibility Segregation (CQRS) and Event Sourcing patterns, which are based on distributed asynchronous event-driven architectures, are a couple of patterns that have demonstrated their effectiveness for the implementation of massively distributed architectures based on micro-services.

The current era of modernization is witnessing rapid developments in the field of machine intelligence, and intelligent systems are one of those crucial developments. Intelligent systems, as the name suggests, are the systems which are intelligently able to communicate with other machines and systems, with the use of the internet. It can be an embedded machine or a machine or computer connected to the internet. It can also be referred to as a collection of interconnected components (devices or collections of devices) which can communicate and interact with each other, to efficiently collect as well as analyze large sets of data. Due to their behavior, intelligent systems are widely used, especially for remote monitoring and in security applications. One can relate intelligent systems to technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML); expert systems, chatbots, facial recognition systems, and image processing systems are some of the most important applications of intelligent systems. AI can be categorized as humanistic and rationalistic. Humanistic AI focuses on the nature of machines to exhibit human-like behavior and enables machines to act and think similar to human beings. On the other hand, rational AI intends to replicate human behavior and form it as a basis for machines to behave intelligently.

Domain-driven design (DDD) is an approach for software development that centers the development on programming a domain model that has a rich understanding of the processes and rules for a target domain. This approach comes from Cao et al. and describes the approach through a catalog of patterns. The approach is particularly suited to complex systems, where a lot of often-messy logic needs to be organized. The idea is that each subsystem must be based on a data model that is most appropriate for the logic of the target domain. Micro-services architecture, which consists of splitting the functional scope of a large project into several small independent micro-services, has reached a high level of maturity thanks to the development of the DevOps tools ecosystem.

In the Chapter 8, we tackle this matter by contributing a type-safe, functional, algebra-driven design framework for constructing algebraic trajectory data structures and checking that their algebraic laws hold. Our framework is a library implemented with the purely functional, statically strongly typed language, Haskell. The choice of Haskell was not lightly taken. Functional programming and type-level programming are valuable assets that can build highly abstract, polymorphic, composable, type-safe software with control over side effects, clear understanding of the code, typed descriptions that can make it simple to understand by other users, and fewer bugs. Both implementations include powerful extensions such as type families that make it possible to reach a higher level of polymorphism and leverage type-level functions for compile-time validation for an additional safety layer. Singletons for dependent types make it possible to check runtime values at compile time for more type safety. Refinement types add type-level predicates for abstracting smart construction and type-level safety. Template Haskell for compile-time reflection makes meta-programming reachable within the framework. Data kinds make it possible to promote types and data constructors for the kind and type level; both new kinds and types can be used for additional type-level information, which adds more safety.

This book is intended for graduate students in computer engineering, spatial databases, complex event processing, distributed systems, and geographical information systems (GIS). The book will also be useful for practicing traffic engineers, city managers, and environmental engineers interested in monitoring and security analysis.